![]() In Peru, the vast majority of malaria cases (76% of 64,673) was reported in the Amazon basin area (Loreto region) for 2014 and about 83% of them are due to P. Despite considerable efforts, Asian and South American countries are still far from achieving malaria elimination. In total, 87 unique haplotypes grouped in 2 or 3 genetic clusters described a sub-structured parasite population.Īccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), Plasmodium vivax caused about 14.2 million malaria cases outside sub-Saharan Africa in 2013. Recent bottleneck events were detected in 4 areas and a recent parasite expansion in one of the isolated areas. Gene flow among the areas was stablished through Bayesian analysis of migration models. Linkage disequilibrium was detected in all the areas ( I A s = 0.08–0.49, for all p<0.0001). Principal coordinate analysis showed a marked differentiation between parasites from urban and rural areas. The level of genetic diversity was similar in all areas ( He = 0.66–0.76, p = 0.32) though genetic differentiation between areas was substantial ( PHI PT = 0.17, p<0.0001). Multiplicity of infection was higher in urban (MOI = 1.5–2) compared to rural areas (MOI = 1) ( p = 0.003). Analysis of the molecular data revealed a similar proportion of monoclonal and polyclonal infections in urban areas, while in rural areas monoclonal infections were predominant ( p = 0.002). vivax isolates were collected and successfully genotyped using 14 neutral microsatellites.
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